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The issues on the operation of the Habitats Directive are:
(1) what standard of review the court should apply when considering whether there
has been a breach of the requirements of article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive;
(2) whether the Secretary of State breached the Habitats Directive in deciding that
the scheme for a second runway at Gatwick was not an alternative solution to the
scheme for the north-west runway at Heathrow on the basis that it would not
meet the “hub objective”;
(3) whether the Secretary of State breached the Habitats Directive in deciding to
exclude the Gatwick second runway scheme as an alternative solution to the
north-west runway scheme at Heathrow because it would potentially harm a
Special Area of Conservation (“SAC”) in which a priority species was present,
and that an opinion of the European Commission might be required;
(4) whether the Divisional Court erred:
(i) in distinguishing between the obligation to consider “alternative
solutions
Last updated: 19 October 2021
Congreso de los
Diputados.
1a Changes to capex governance processes
4b Mandated design-and-build contracts
1b Separation of system planning and ops delivery
Master Plan approved on optimistic cost, schedule and scope
assumptions, with material risks (land, environmental mitigation)
insufficiently provisioned
Cost and schedule baselines required progressive re-forecasting as
execution realities emerged, rather than early corrective intervention
Risk materialisation (expropriation delays, DIA scope expansion)
addressed after approval, driving reactive cost and schedule escalation
Environmental Impact Declarations (DIAs) functioned as subsequent
regulatory gates, not constraints embedded continuously in delivery
planning
Judicial land expropriation processes operated outside the delivery
organisation’s control, with timelines incompatible with the approved
programme
Delivery executed through multiple major construction and assistance
contracts, managed
Last updated: 13 March 2026
Estimating the cost of capital for implementation of price controls by UK Regulators
An update on Mason, Miles and Wright (2003)
Stephen Wright, Birkbeck, University of London
Phil Burns, Frontier Economics
Robin Mason, University of Birmingham
Derry Pickford, Aon Hewitt
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mike Huggins, Rob Francis and Michael Yang (Frontier),
Donald Robertson (Cambridge), Ken Hori (Birkbeck) and James Fernandes (Aon Hewitt) in writing
this report.
Last updated: 02 November 2021
This approach to recovering revenue shortfalls (due to the impact of
covid-19) is broadly in line with the special arrangements put in place for other
major European ANSPs.
Last updated: 30 November 2023
This can provide assistance by comparing aerodrome environments and by
assessing risk levels associated with given OCA/H values.
Last updated: 04 November 2018
Very often it may not be possible for the ANSP or aerodrome operator to
demonstrate compliance with the standards without the assistance of an equipment
supplier or developer.
Last updated: 10 December 2010
The Panel therefore considers that the Commission’s decision is of limited
assistance to the CAA in reaching a decision on allocation of scarce capacity on the
London-Moscow route.
Last updated: 03 November 2021
Jet Assisted Take-off [JATO]).
4.8 Rule Distance
The distance travelled in still air in the Rule Time, at the normal one-engine-inoperative
cruise speed.
4.9 Rule Time
The maximum diversion time that any point on the route may be from a suitable
aerodrome for landing, as specified by the Authority and included in the Operations
Manual.
4.10 System
A system includes all elements of equipment necessary for the control and
performance of a particular major function.
Last updated: 11 October 2002
This was not a universal experience, and
there were some good examples of individuals being offered all the appropriate
assistance in line with the relevant regulations.
Last updated: 15 March 2024
fashion
• Russian clients still present - despite political tensions
Future markets
• Middle Eastern - clients will continue to be a dominant force in luxury
spending in UK, not just driven by shopping but also by business interests
in the UK
• Currency exchange – impact is minimal as clients prefer to pay in their
own currency – some stores have adjusted by offering favourable
exchange rates or facilitating easier conversion through apps like Monzo
Impact of online
• Companies integrating online shopping with in-store experiences seeing
the most success
• Relevance of stores - online is less of a threat to the luxury market as
customers often prefer to see high-value items in person before purchasing,
even if they then purchase online
• Instalment payments – rise of services such as Klarna and Clearpay is
facilitating customers purchasing luxury items online, boosting online
conversion
Luxury consumer trends
• Personalised services – brands offering invitations to special
Last updated: 05 June 2026
