We have issued guidance on our approach to enforcing consumer law.  The guidance aims to inform our stakeholders, (businesses and their advisers, consumers, consumer groups, and other interested parties) on how we will use our consumer powers. 

• Guidance on Consumer Enforcement (March 2016)

We have also published prioritisation principles that explain our approach in deciding what is the most important work to do in the areas of consumer protection, competition law and economic regulation.

• Prioritisation principles for the CAA's Consumer protection, Competition Law and Economic Regulation work (May 2015)
  
  

Regulation EC1107/2006

The CAA is responsible for compliance and enforcement with European law providing rights to disabled passengers and passengers with reduced mobility. View the European Legislation and “ Interpretative guidelines” on application of the Regulation. The legislation is enacted in the UK through The Civil Aviation (Access to Air Travel for Disabled Persons and Persons with Reduced Mobility) Regulations 2014.

The CAA has published guidance for airports on setting, publishing and monitoring Quality Standards under the Regulation.

What the legislation covers

The legislation places obligations on airports and airlines to provide access to air travel for PRMs, subject to some safety and security issues.

These include obligations on:

Airports

• to provide assistance throughout the passenger journey at the airport
• to set, publish and monitor “quality standards” on service performance
• to train customer facing staff
• to charge airlines for provision of the service

Airlines

• to provide assistance on board aircraft
• to train customer facing staff
• to provide information to PRMs on any safety or security restrictions which might affect a person's ability to travel
• to transport medical and mobility equipment

Section 85 of the Civil Aviation Act 2012

Under Section 83 of the Civil Aviation Act 2012 airports and airlines are required to “publish information for the benefit” of passengers. The CAA requires airlines and airports to publish key information relevant to passengers with reduced mobility on their websites.

This subject areas for the information have been specified by the CAA and should be presented on a single webpage one click away from the home page of the website or on webpages directly accessible from a single 'landing' webpage one click away from the home page. The information should be presented in a clear and easy to understand way and the design of websites should take into consideration existing international guidelines on website accessibility.

Airport performance reports

We have published a report on how UK airports have performed in terms of the quality of assistance provided to disabled persons and those with reduced mobility for the year April 2015 to 31 March 2016.

The CAA is responsible for compliance and enforcement with the European law which provides rights to passengers when their flights are delayed or cancelled or a flight is overbooked.  

• View the European legislation  

Airlines will also need to ensure they comply with the English and European case law that has been developed on a range of aspects of the legislation.  The European Commission publishes information on European court judgments, but you should also ensure that you keep up-to-date with the latest developments.

In the English courts, the Court of Appeal has issued two judgments relating to the Regulation.  The Jet2.com v Huzar ruling  confirmed that technical faults on aircraft are not an extraordinary circumstance and the ruling in Dawson v Thomson Airways Ltd   confirmed that passengers have a 6 year period to take their claim to court in England and Wales.

What the legislation covers

The legislation places obligations on the airline operating the flight to provide:

• information to passengers about their rights
• care and assistance during periods of long delay or cancellation
• the option of a refund or re-routing for cancelled flights
• financial compensation for cancelled flights (in specific circumstances)
• information, care, assistance and compensation when passengers are denied boarding;
• a partial refund for downgrades and to make no additional charge for upgrades;
• details of how consumers can make a complaint

CAA Guidance 

The CAA has published two compliance reports which deal with different aspects of the Regulation:  

• CAP 1227 sets out guidance on the obligation to provide information on their legal rights to disrupted passengers.  
  
  
• CAP 1275 focuses on the requirement to provide financial compensation for technical faults on an aircraft and the limitation period for dealing with consumer claims.

We have also published guidance on the types of incidents that may be considered to be an extraordinary circumstance under the legislation.  

The CAA List sets out a range of incidents that in our view could fall into this category, it is non-exhaustive and there may be other incidents that could fall under the exemption.  In addition airlines will also need to demonstrate that they took all reasonable measures to avoid or mitigate the resulting disruption.  

• CAA List of extraordinary circumstances (March 2016) 
  
  

The CAA along with the Competition and Markets Authority are responsible for compliance and enforcement with laws which are applicable to the sale and advertising of flights and holidays.  

These laws include:  

• Air Services Regulation EC Regulation No 1008/2008 (ASR)
• Carrier Identity Regulation EC Regulation No 2111/2005 (CIR)
• Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (CPRs) 
• Consumer Rights Act 2015
• The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 (ECR)

What the legislation covers

Businesses should display flight prices clearly and fairly:

• The 'headline' price advertised must include all unavoidable taxes, charges, surcharges and fees - this includes prices on websites, travel brochures and other media,
• When a flight is being purchased, the airline's terms and conditions should be available to consumers,
• Optional extras (e.g. baggage, insurance, seat selection) must be offered on an opt in basis,
• A breakdown of the total price should be shown including base fares, taxes and charges.

Businesses must be clear on which airline will be operating the flight at the start of the booking process.  If the operating airline is not known at the time of booking, or the airline changes after the consumer books, the consumers must be informed of the operating airline as soon as it is known.

Businesses must provide clear, accurate information which is easy to understand;

• Information must be not be false, misleading or confusing,
• This relates to the price, sales process, or either party's rights before or after booking e.g. optional extras offered on an opt out basis rather than opt in,
• Consumers must be given all the information they need to make an informed decision and terms and conditions should be clear and easy to understand.

Businesses must act in a professional and diligent way so customers are not disadvantaged or misled, this could include travel agents or airlines not informing passengers of a flight schedule change.

Businesses should include the full registered name and address of the business, VAT number, and their contact details which should include an email address.

CAA Guidance 

In March 2013 the CAA and Office of Fair Trading published joint guidance on the Requirements of Consumer Law Applicable to the Sale and Advertising of Flights and Holidays.  

This guidance is aimed at anyone who advertises a flight including travel agents, tour operators, airlines and price comparison websites.  A Quick Reference version is also available.

Airlines need to ensure that they comply with the law that prohibits the use of unfair contract terms.  A contract term may be considered to be unfair if it creates a significant imbalance in the rights and obligations of the airline and consumer to the detriment of the consumer.  If the CAA believes that unfair terms are being used by airlines, it has the power to take enforcement action.  

Unfair terms are not enforceable against the consumer, however only a court can decide whether a term is unfair or not.  

The law on contract terms is now included in the Consumer Rights Act 2015.

You can also review the Competition and Markets Authority advice on the unfair terms provisions.